IRISH AND SCOTTISH GENEALOGY
(INFORMATION OF RELATED PEOPLES)
Many have heard, and are very familiar with, the terms
"Irish" and "Scottish", and really don�t know the
difference between the two. The Irish and Scots are really the same people
except they arrived in Britain two thousand years apart. The ancestors of the
Irish arrived in Britain about 1600 B.C., while the Scots arrived about 501
A.D. It is simply amazing that two groups of the same people would wander
through the earth and end up locating within a few miles from each other two
thousand years later in Britain. Because there are two different groups of the
same peoples concerned here, we will have to treat them separately even though
they came from the same family. We will first investigate the background of the
Irish.
The Irish are a very ancient people, and their history covers a
large span of time. If we will take the time to do a little arithmetic, we will
soon see we are talking about approximately 3,500 years or better. With the
United States being 223 years old (1999), you can see the Irish history is
about 18 times as old as we are. When one considers all the things that have
happened since 1776, it is staggering to imagine what has happened to the Irish
people over a period of 3,500 years.
It all started when a very grand lady by the name of Tamar had
twin boys by her father-in-law. A lot of people judge Tamar as a woman with a
low moral reputation. This is because they don�t know all the details of this
complicated story. In the birthing process, it appeared that the one twin
(Zerah) was going to be born first as he put out his hand. The midwife put a
scarlet thread around his hand to mark the firstborn child. To the midwife�s
amazement, the other twin (Pharez) proceeded to come out first. It was always
of the utmost importance to identify the firstborn in the case of twins, for
the firstborn received the birthright. Today, both the Irish and Scots claim
the emblem of the hand with the scarlet thread (or the red hand), showing they
are of the Zerah branch of Judah. To bring you this 3,500 year old history, I
will be quoting from various authors who have written various phases of this
history.
If you will remember, Judah (and I am not talking about
"Jews") was to be the royal tribe, Genesis 49:9-12:
9 Judah is a lion�s whelp: from the prey, my
son, thou art gone up: he stooped down, he couched as a lion, and
as an old lion; who shall rouse him up? 10 The sceptre
shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet,
until Shiloh come; and unto him shall the gathering of the people be. 11
Binding his foal unto the vine, and his ass�s colt unto the choice vine; he washed his garments in
wine, and his clothes in the blood of grapes: 12 His eyes shall be red with
wine, and his teeth white with milk.
With this passage, we can already see more symbology of Judah
appearing. To get started with this almost forgotten history of the Irish (as
being Zerah Judah), I will quote from Father Abraham�s Children, by
Perry Edward Powell, Ph. D., pages 98-101;
Let us put it in a different way, here is the beginning of
royalty. What else does scepter mean? Judah led in the conquest of Canaan and
received the first and choicest portion. David raised it to pre-eminence over
the tribes and the nations. He is the first king of the Judah-Pharez line, and
he did not appear for seven hundred years. Was there and is there an older line
of royalty? The answer is, Yes. The Judah-Zerah [line] was royal from the
beginning. The two royalties are now merged and have been for centuries in the
British royal house. And how long shall we have royalty? �Until Shiloh comes.�
[The future] Shiloh came to Bethlehem, the first Advent, and will come again
[as Shiloh] at the end of time, the second Advent. Royalty is eternal. The
throne of David is everlasting. There is no royalty in Europe but descends from
Judah. And the Judah-Zerah royalty is, we repeat, seven hundred years older
than Judah-Pharez because it began at once. You can read Genesis 38 to see how
royalty began [but there is much more to talk about].
Another great event is recorded in Genesis 46:12, [if we
dare mention it]. Here we can read the census of those of the family of Jacob
who went with him into Egypt, eventually into Egyptian bondage though they did
not know it at the time. Pharez took with him his two sons, (which did
not include Shelah). Now Zerah went alone. No son accompanied him. We will see
where the son later traveled. Here is the inference and the conclusion, The
Trojan-Welsh by-passed the Egyptian captivity, and all other captivities
and have never been in slavery to any man, in any land, at any time. (Slight changes or additions in brackets
above.)
Zerah�s son Ethan, very wise, and indeed this line of Judah-Zerah is the only
royal line termed wise, on the other hand led his people north, from Egypt
where he was born, into what is now Asia Minor, and his son Mahol continued
likewise. Mahol�s heir, Darda, reached the western shore, where on a commanding
site, he founded the metropolis of Troy. The date is 1520 B.C. Here the city
flourished for nearly four hundred years. Darda first saw the straits that
separated Europe and Asia and gave them his name, Dardanelles. Darda also
founded a fort here that is named after him. But the greatest honor is recorded
in the Bible, Solomon was �wiser than all men; than ... Darda the son of
Mahol.� Thus great was the founder of Troy and the sire of the Trojan race
whose children abide with us still. Troy fell because her sons had an eye for
the refined and beautiful in woman (sic). Her descendants have that exquisite
eye still and are naturally very proud of the accomplishment. ...
When Troy fell she did so to arise on another shore in
eternal and imperial splendor. I am not referring to Italy. That empire though
long was ephemeral (short-lived). Italy is an interlude only. Aeneas, a member
of the old royal family, attained the kingship, led the saddened Trojans around
the Mediterranean Sea, as graphically described in the Aenead, and finally
brought them to their new home on the Tiber in Italy. Including this Italian
interlude, the Trojan period embraced 417 years.
Here on the Tiber happened a very sad event, too sad to be
recalled, and would not be except for its denouement (final outcome). Brutus
was one day hunting with his father Silvius, when he spied the prey, as he
thought, and let fly an arrow. On running up he was shocked and grieved to find
that he had killed his own father! Some people then, as now, were censorious
and Brutus departed from the new colony, from which later sprang Rome, and with
his royal followers, went to Greece, rallied the enslaved Trojans, defeated King
Pendrasus, thus erasing the defeat of Troy, and as victor exacted these terms;
he must give his daughter Ignoge for wife, furnish a big fleet of ships fully
provisioned, for his emigrant force of seven thousand men, and free permission
for them to sail unmolested. ...
Brutus, now with an object and direction, steered west
through the straits (pillars) of Hercules, then northward along the east
Atlantic main, across the English Channel to the present river Dart, and up its
stream to Totnes where stepping on a large stone he landed on the great island
which was ever to bear his name as a memorial among the proud nations of the
world. This rock, more famous throughout the centuries than Plymouth Rock, is
marked as Brutus Rock, and has been visited perennially by people of all
nations, all ranks, and all ages. With his people he explored the whole island
and he apportioned to each one according to his rank and services. At last he
decided the proper place for his capital, a choice bank of the Thames river, so
named for a stream, Thyamis, in Epirus from which he first sailed, and there he
built his metropolis, and according to the advice of the oracle, he named it
Tri Novantum, New Troy. This name it bore for over eleven hundred years when
King Lud at the beginning of the Christian era built her walls and renamed her
Luddun, Lud�s wall, easily refined into London. London is also derived by some
from Llandin, meaning �Sacred eminence.� London dates from three hundred-fifty
years before Rome. Why should Rome be called the Eternal City?
If you are of Irish or Scottish descent, this history, as told
here, may seem strange and wonderfully astonishing. I am sure many of you have
never heard anything quite like this, or were never taught anything remotely
comparable in school. We really shouldn�t take the word of one writer
concerning this history though. In the booklet, Our Neglected Heritage,
"The Magnet of The Isles", by Gladys Taylor, vol. 3, page 27 we read
this:
The Reverend William Milner, in his chart of The Royal House
of Britain, gives the two grandsons of Judah, Calcol and Darda, as Cecrops and
Dardanos. The more we study the classical references to these founders of
cities, dynasties and legal systems, the more they appear to resemble Calcol
and Darda, who were the children of Zarah, a migrating section of the family of
Judah, the sceptre tribe. Were the grandsons of Judah beginning to put into
effect the responsibilities of their tribe as kings and administrators? ...
After the fall of Troy, the royal house of Dardanos was
divided and scattered. Caesar claimed descent from Aeneas and Virgil wrote the
Aeneid to proclaim this fact. From Ascanius Julius, son of Aeneas and Creusa,
daughter of Priam King of Troy, came the Julian family of Rome and also Brutus
the Trojan, grandson of Ascanius, who gathered together a band of Trojan
exiles, soon after the fall of Troy and traveled westward to Britain. This
could have been a considerable migration. From a wealth of Greek and Latin
literature dealing with the departure of the Trojans, notably the Trojan Cycle,
listed by Proclus in the second century A.D., we gather that Aeneas departed
from Mount Ida with 88,000 Trojans and built a fleet of 332 vessels. We leave
Aeneas in Italy and follow Brutus and his companions to Britain.
What this information is telling you is, if you are Irish you
are directly related to the Trojans, or if you are Scottish, you are
indirectly related, and both the Irish and Scottish are direct descendants of
Judah, or Israelites. And what may seem more astounding, the so-called
"Jews" are not now, nor ever were Israelites. They are actually
descendants of Cain the murderer!
LONG BEFORE THERE WAS EITHER A PROTESTANT OR ROMAN CATHOLIC
CHURCH, THERE EXISTED AN IRISH CHURCH
This is a true story which very few have any knowledge of today.
The facts of its existence have been almost totally erased from history.
Although, almost forgotten by those who should be concerned the most, there is
substantial evidence extant to prove it's existence beyond all doubt. Actually
the Irish church was established in 37 A.D. To have an understanding of the
Irish church is an all important fact in understanding Irish genealogy. To get
started with this phase of our perusal (study), I am going to quote again from
the book, Father Abraham�s Children, by Perry Edwards Powell, Ph. D.,
pages 140-142:
Now we come to the missionary movement of Joseph of
Arimathea, who was appointed by Philip the apostle. After the passion of his
Nephew, persecution fell heavily upon the infant church. The Jew and the Roman
were bitter persecutors but he knew where there was no persecution, but
protection. However, he was seized, and since the Jew could not kill [under the
Law directly], he and Lazarus and Mary and Martha his sisters, Mary Magdalene,
Marcella, Maximin, and others, all objects of especial Jewish hostility, were
�exposed to the sea in a vessel without sail or oars.� They drifted to
Marseilles, southern Gaul, where they arrived in a famished condition. The
Arimathean knew the territory and friendly traders, and was aided on his way,
the destination of which was now Britain. Here they eventually arrived and came
to rest in Ynis Avalon, Glastonbury, where he rested and soon began his labors
for his Nephew. The year was 37 A.D. On his tomb is the epitaph: Ad Britannos
veni post Christum sepelivi � Docui � Quievi. �I came to the Britons after I had
buried the Christ. I taught. I have entered on my rest.�
Thus was established the first above ground church in the world at
Glastonbury, in Britain. I am sure there are many who have never heard this
particular story of Joseph of Arimathea, and fewer yet understand its
importance. For more insight on Joseph of Arimathea, I will quote, The
Traditions of Glastonbury, by E. Raymond Capt M.A., page 22:
Several ancient manuscripts indicate that after the Passion
of Christ, Joseph of Arimathea was commissioned by St. Philip, the Apostle, to
take the Gospel to Britain. One such manuscript is the �Victory of Aurelius
Ambrosius� by Gildas Albanicus. It asserts plainly that Britain received the
Gospel in the time of Emperor Tiberius, and that Joseph was sent, with others
(after the dispersion of the Disciples) to Britain by St. Philip. There, Joseph
was to lay the foundation of the Christian religion. The author gives the date
�about the year of Our Lord 63� and adds that Joseph stayed in Britain the rest
of his life.
Another manuscript, �De Antiquities of Glastonbury� (1908),
contains this entry in the opening chapter: �St. Philip ... coming into the
country of the Franks to preach ... converted to the Faith, and baptized them.
Working to spread Christ�s word, he chose twelve from among his disciples, and
sent them into Britain. Their leader, it was said, was St. Philip�s dearest
friend, Joseph of Arimathea, who buried the Lord.� (Translated from �De
Antiquite Glastonbiensis Ecclesia� 1240)
We can see from this, that outside of a few at Jerusalem,
the Gospel was first preached in Britain. This brings up one of the most
misunderstood, one of the most misrepresented, and one of the most misquoted
passages of Scripture in the Bible. Almost everyone misunderstands it, or has a
twisted conception of its meaning. This Scripture is Romans 1:16 which reads, (KJV):
For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ: for it is the
power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth; to the Jew first, and
also to the Greek.
It�s not talking about the Canaanite "Jews" here, it�s
speaking of the Judahites in Britain, and they got the Gospel message first
just as it says! It should say: To the Tribe of Judah in Jerusalem and in
Britain first, and also the Greek, and they were all Israelites, and
nothing but Israelites! It was through Judah in Britain that the Gospel message
was sent to all the other Israelite tribes. The few of Judah at Jerusalem, at
this time, are hardly worth mentioning. For more documentation, we turn to the
book, St. Joseph of Arimathea At Glastonbury, by Lionel Smithett Lewis,
pages 92-93:
Cardinal Baronius, the great Church historian, and most learned
librarian of the Vatican, in his Ecclesiastical Annals, on which he spent
30 years, under the year A.D. 35, states that in that year Joseph of Arimathea,
Lazarus. Mary, Martha, Marcella, their maid, and Maximin (blind from birth
until healed by Yahshua) a disciple, were put by the Jews into a boat without
sails and oars, and floated down the Mediterranean and landed at Marseilles,
and thence Joseph and his company crossed into Britain, and preached the Gospel
there, and finally died there.
FIRST IRISH CULDEE CHURCH ALMOST DIES OUT
In the book, St. Joseph Of Arimathea At Glastonbury, by
Lionel Smithett Lewis, it says this of King Lucius, (page 35):
St. Joseph�s little circle of twelve disciples was kept going
by anchorites (hermits) �
as one died another was appointed; but in [the] course of time a certain
slackness seems to have come over them. William of Malmesbury tells us that the
holy spot at length became a covert of wild beasts. Then in the days of Good
King Lucius aforesaid came a revival. Llewrug Mawr, Llewrug the Great (grandson
of Saint Cyllinus and great-grandson of Caractacus), nicknamed Lleiver Mawr or
the great luminary (hence his Latinized name of Lux or Lucius), was king of
Britain in the middle and towards the end of the 2nd century. He
increased the Light that the first missionaries, the disciples of Christ, had
brought, by sending emissaries to Eleutherius, Bishop of Rome, requesting him
to send missionaries to Britain. The Welsh Triads tell us that Eleutherius, in
response, sent Dyfan and Fagan, Medwy and Elfan, all of them British names in
A.D. 167.
Actually, the "Bishop of Rome" spoken of here, at this
time, was of the British church at Rome (Basilica Di Pudenziana) from
where King Lucius received "missionaries." British king Caractacus�
daughter (Claudia), married Pudens of 2 Tim. 4:21, all of whom were converted
by the influence of the Irish British church, of which the Apostle Paul had
direct contact. It is obvious that the entire history of Britain cannot be
presented in this format, therefore I will give a general outline during this
period:
1.
B.C. 55.
Invasion of Britain by Rome under Julius Caesar.
1.
A.D. 37.
Joseph of Arimathea establishes first above ground church in the world at Glastonbury,
in Britain.
1.
A.D. 43.
Edict of Emperor Claudius to exterminate Christian Britain.
1.
A.D. 52.
Caractacus taken prisoner to Rome along with Bran, his three sons, and
daughters � including Linus and Claudia of 2 Tim. 4:21.
1.
A.D. 53.
Pudens and Claudia (Gladys) of 2 Tim. 4:21 marry.
1.
A.D. 60.
The Boadicean War.
1.
A.D. 156.
Good King Lucius, by edict, proclaims Britain the first Christian nation.
1.
A.D.
290-300. The Diocletian persecution.
1.
A.D. 306,
At Britain, at his father's death, Constantine declares himself Emperor of
Rome.
1.
A.D. 411.
Rome withdraws troops from Britain.
1.
A.D. 449.
Angles, Saxons and Jutes invade Britain for the next two centuries driving the
British Culdee Celts to the extreme west.
We read the next sequel, from The Origin and Early Christianity
In Britain, by Andrew Gray, D.D., pages 60-62:
THE BRITISH CELTIC CHURCH ALMOST FADES FROM VIEW
But the whole of the western part of the country remained
un- conquered. Strathclyde, including the country from the Clyde to the Dee,
the Kingdom of Cumbria; North Wales, or Cambria; South Wales, and Devon and
Cornwall, with part of Somerset and the sacred Av�lon, remained purely
British. This land the English called Welsh-land, or the "Land of the
Foreigner", Welsh being the name which the Germans applied to all nations
speaking languages of Latin descent ... and they found that all was lost, then,
in A.D. 587, they were forced by persecution to fly and join their brethren in
Wales.
To those parts we must now look for the Primitive Church
of Britain. It was shut off from, and perhaps to a considerable extent
forgotten by, the larger portion of Christendom; but it now formed a closer
alliance with the sister Churches of Ireland and Scotland. It was conscious of
no submission to any foreign Church, but gazed fondly back to Jerusalem and
the Holy Land rather than to Rome. It had its own Liturgy, its own customs,
its own peculiar (although erroneous) cycle of computing Easter. (Note: If they were keeping Passover at
the time of the full moon regardless of the day of the week, as in the East, it
was not erroneous.) It was orthodox in faith. It had, as we learn from
Gildas, a regularly ordained Episcopate. It believed its Bishops to be the
successors of the Apostles, and its priests claimed the power to bind and
loose. ...
It is of the greatest importance that we should gather all
the information possible concerning the Church in Wales, and get as definite an
idea of it as we can. There are, unfortunately, those who erroneously suppose
that the link between the early British Church and the Church of England of the
present day, was broken by the Saxon invasion; and that the present Church of
England arose in the time of Augustine, deriving its origin from Rome through him,
and not, as we are bound to maintain, from the Apostles and Jerusalem in
unbroken, continuous descent, through the British or Celtic Church. ... The
Saxon invasion had destroyed civilization and Christianity in the larger part
of England proper, but a remnant was driven westward, and found its home in
Wales. ...
THE BRITISH CELTIC CHURCH REBOUNDS TO LIFE AGAIN
The Celtic church was finally driven to the extreme west of the
region because of the two hundred years of Saxon invasions. The Saxons were, by
this time, in possession of over 75% of the land. It appeared, again, the light
might flicker and finally go out on the church which was started by Joseph of
Arimathea, but suddenly the light recovered to shine even brighter. For this
part of the story, I will quote from a secular source of history, The Story
Of Civilization, Part IV, "The Age Of Faith", by Will Durant,
page 532:
As Germanic invasions of Gaul and Britain had driven
scholars from those lands to Ireland, so now the wave returned, the debt was
paid; Irish missionaries flung themselves upon the victorious pagan Angles,
Saxons, Norwegians, and Danes in England, and upon the illiterate and
half-barbarous Christians of Gaul and Germany. with the Bible in one hand
and classic manuscripts in the other; and for a time it seemed that the
Celts would win back through Christianity the lands they had lost to force. It
was in the Dark Ages that the Irish spirit shone with its strongest light.
The greatest of these missionaries was St. Columba. We know
him well through the biography written (c. 679) by Adamnan, one of his
successors at Iona. Columba was born at Donegal in 521, of royal stock; ... he
was a saint who could have been a king. At school in Moville he showed such
devotion that his schoolmaster named him Columbkille � Column of the Church. From the age
of twenty-five he founded a number of churches and monasteries, of which the
most famous were at Derry, Durrow, and Kells. But he was a fighter as well as a
saint, "a man of powerful frame and mighty voice"; his hot temper
drew him into many quarrels, at last into war with King Diarmuid a battle was
fought in which, we are told, 5000 men were killed; Columba, though victorious,
fled from Ireland (563), resolved to convert as many souls as had fallen in that
engagement at Cooldrevna. He now founded on the island of Iona, off the west
coast of Scotland, one of the most illustrious of medieval monasteries. Thence
he and his disciples brought the Gospel to the Hebrides, Scotland, and northern
England. And there, after converting thousands of pagans and illuminating 300
"noble books", he died, in prayer at the altar, in his seventy-eighth
year.
THEN ENTERS AUGUSTINE
You will notice in the last paragraph above, the Celtic
missionaries converted northern Saxons in England, but not the southern Saxons.
To convey the story of how they were converted to Roman Catholicism, I will
relate the story from the book, The Horizon History Of Christianity, by
Roland H. Bainton, pages 142-143:
Augustine commenced in Kent under the favor of Queen Bertha,
a Christian queen (Merovingian French princess, obviously a British Celtic
convert) eager to convert her pagan husband. King Ethelbert was willing to
grant Augustine an audience but only out of doors, where Augustine would be
less able to exercise what the king supposed were magical powers; for he was
reputed to be able to make tails grow on the backs of those with whom he was
displeased. The king was so far persuaded that he granted land for the
foundation of a monastery at Canterbury, ever after to be the seat of the
English primate.
The reason, today, we are so unaware of the fact that the British
church was the true church established by Joseph of Arimathea, by the direction
of St. Philip, is because most all the records have been destroyed. There have
been enough records to survive, though, to establish beyond all doubt that the
church of Britain (not to be confused with the present day Anglican Church of
England) was the true church, before being Romanized. For this reason most
everyone has assumed that the true church was the Roman Catholic
Church, which is entirely false. Neither the Roman Catholic Church nor her
Protestant daughters represent the true church established by our Messiah.
There was a church established at Rome, and Linus (the son of Caractacus) was
appointed by the Apostle Paul to be the first Bishop, and it was not related in
any way to the Roman Catholic Church, ever! It was called, Basilica Di
Pudenziana (also the Palace of the British). I will quote from, The
Drama of the Lost Disciples, concerning this true British church at Rome,
by George F. Jowett, page 125:
The church still stands and can be seen in what was once the
palatial grounds of the Palatium Britannicum, a memorial to the Christianizing
endeavors of St. Paul and the expatriate (exiled) royal British family at Rome
with Rufus Pudens. The church is recorded in Roman history under four different
names: 1. Palatium Britannicum; 2. Titulus; 3. Hospitium Apostolorum; 4.
Lastly, as St. Pudentiana in honour and memory of the martyred daughter of
Claudia Pudens, by which name it is known to this day.
KING HENRY II SOLD OUT THE CELTIC CHURCH TO ROME
For this information, I am going to quote from the book The
Origin and Early History of Christianity In Britain, by Andrew Gray, D.D.,
pages 88-89:
It will be seen that the transaction, on the part of the
Roman Pontiff at least, was of the most deliberate and carefully calculated
kind. It is a little marvellous (sic) that Romanists of to-day in Ireland
are so ill at ease under English rule. ...Henry, under various pretexts,
with the sanction and approval of the Pope, took his armies to Ireland. The
Irish chiefs, taken singly, soon submitted to him, and paid him homage. The
Bishops agreed to an ecclesiastical union with the Church of England. Then
Henry, to suit his own ends, handed over the Irish Church to the Pope of Rome.
By these unwarranted acts schism was introduced, and Bishops and priests
were appointed by order of the Pope. A few of the Bishops still continued
to assert an independent position, and offered here and there a spasmodic
resistance, but the independence of the Celtic Church was gone. She
had been betrayed by the King of England and the Pope of Rome. Irish
national independence, and Irish ecclesiastical independence terminated
practically together, and in both cases by fraud and grasping usurpation. The
fate was sealed when Gelasius, Archbishop of Armagh, visited Dublin in 1172,
and made his formal submission to King Henry II. From this date to the
Reformation the papacy held sway, and the history of the 350 years which
followed the Synod of Cashel � when the Irish Church agreed to an ecclesiastical union
with the English � is indeed a dreary one.
ROMAN CATHOLICISM SITS ON A FALLACIOUS FOUNDATION
For information pertaining to "The Donation Of
Constantine" I will quote from: The Horizon History Of Christianity,
by Roland H. Bainton, pages 243-244:
We do find skepticism of a sort in the form of historical
criticism used to expose the spuriousness of famous forgeries and to examine
sacred documents critically. Historical criticism was a by-product of studies
by the Humanists, whose profound interest in the antique encouraged a pure
Latin style. Through their comparison of classical and medieval Latin, there
arose an awareness of philological (study in literature and linguistic)
development. "The Donation of Constantine", upon which the
papacy long based its claims to dominion, was exposed as a forgery by Lorenzo
Valla. The language, he pointed out, was not that of the age of
Constantine. In the document there were references to the iconoclastic
controversy of the eighth century. Documents of the period of Constantine
never once mentioned the Donation, and at no time during that emperor�s reign
did the popes actually exercise the authority Constantine was supposed to have
bestowed upon them. Valla disproved also the common assumption that the
Apostles� Creed was the work of the twelve apostles. More daring was his
application of historical, critical methods to the study of the Bible, even
though he came up with no startling conclusions. As far as the Church was
concerned, Valla�s demonstrations were not especially disturbing. She could
survive the exposure of forgery. (See also, The Story Of Civilization; Part IV, "The
Age Of Faith", by Will Durant, pages 525-526, along with footnote.)
Clifton A. Emahiser�s Teaching Ministries
1012 N. Vine Street, Fostoria, OH 44830